Umbilical Hernia

Description

An umbilical hernia is a condition in which the peritoneum and intra-abdominal contents, most commonly a loop of intestine, protrude through a defect in the abdominal wall at the umbilical ring due to weakness of the surrounding tissues.

Umbilical hernias occur most commonly in newborns but may also develop in adults, particularly between 50 and 60 years of age. They are more common in girls and women than in boys and men.

Cause

In newborns and young children, umbilical hernias result from incomplete closure of the umbilical ring after birth. In adults, common causes include:

• Obesity.
• Ascites.
• Multiple pregnancies.
• Previous abdominal surgery.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

An umbilical hernia appears as a round or oval bulge at or near the umbilicus. It is usually more noticeable when standing or during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure. The hernia is generally painless but may cause discomfort. It usually contains peritoneum and a loop of intestine and is often reducible with gentle manual pressure.

In adults, an umbilical hernia may cause abdominal discomfort or pain.

The diagnosis is usually made by physical examination. Imaging studies, such as ultrasonography, are rarely required and are primarily used when complications are suspected.

Treatment

In children younger than 1.5 years, umbilical hernias often close spontaneously. If the hernia persists beyond 3 years of age or complications develop, surgical repair is recommended. In adults, umbilical hernias are generally treated surgically. Recurrence after surgical repair is uncommon.

Source | Author Doctor Nikas Samuolis, reviewed by Prof. Virginijus Šapoka | Vilnius University | Faculty of Medicine | Head of the Department of Internal Medicine, Family Medicine, and Oncology